Introduction What are genetic codons? Genetic codons are sequences of three nucleotides that form the genetic code. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is specified by a sequence of elementary codons within a gene. These elementary coding units are called codons. They are mostly triplets consisting of adjacent nucleotides, used in the synthesis […]
Introduction DNA is the fundamental building block of an organism’s genetic information. It consists of two long strands made up of four different nucleotide bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine). These strands form a double helix shape and are joined together by hydrogen bonds. The phosphate groups are responsible for holding together two strands of
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Introduction Breeding is the way of producing offspring through sexual reproduction. However, plant breeding is a biotechnological process that occurs with the intervention of humans. The primary motive of plant breeding is to produce crops with better quality and quantity. The continuous growth of the population made scientists think about alternate ways of quality food
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Introduction Pollination is the procedure of transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of the same or the other plant. This transfer can occur in several ways. Sometimes by wind, sometimes by water and by insects also. Successful pollination leads to fertilization and the formation of seeds. (1). This article
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Introduction A molecular clock is a concept used to estimate the genetic divergences between species. It helps to analyze the mutation rates in DNA sequences and to find a common ancestor in them. It is used to study the history of human evolution and to find the connecting link between plants and animals. The molecular
Introduction Cytoplasmic inheritance or maternal inheritance is simply the transfer of genetic characters through the cytoplasm (that is other organelle DNA) instead of the nucleus. In a cytoplasm, autonomous organelles like mitochondria and plastids are present as the genetic matter that is considered the key ingredients. Mitochondria, usually referred to as the powerhouse of the
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Introduction Gregor Johann Mendel was a 19th-century Austrian abbot who was also a biologist and mathematician. He started his experiments regarding the pattern of inheritance in 1856. Primarily, he started with mice. However, he later switched to honeybees and garden peas. In the end, garden peas became the primary model for his experiments. Hence, this
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Introduction Gregor Mendel achieved a breakthrough with his experiments in the field of Genetics. However, he generally worked on a controlled setup. His laws applied to many of the plants. But, after replacing the pea plants with Arabidopsis thaliana or Zea mays, scientists found that they were not following Mendel’s laws. This inconsistency was assessed
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